Why is kidney cysts growing

Medical means of detection is increasing, the diagnosis of renal cyst patients more and more. Kidney cysts is like a kidney there are only a few imported and no small water bag. People in the young, the body is in a strong growth period, a strong suppression of the growth of renal cysts, into the middle age, the overall physiological function began to decline, the human body on the renal capsule of the uniformity of the decline, Increase, pressure and volume continue to increase, like a pile of grapes, big or even fist, severe oppression of the surrounding normal tissue, waist swelling pain, hematuria, high blood pressure, renal insufficiency and other symptoms. This is why the polycystic kidney disease found in the young and less in the elderly and more causes.
Currently in the treatment of renal cysts, the main use of intracapsular fluid and surgery to the top decompression, although this practice can be effective, but it is easy to make other cysts by reducing the pressure around the rapid growth of crazy, Accelerate the disease worse. The reason is that the number of renal cysts is very large, and the current all of the capsule fluid and decompression to the top of the only one or two cysts effective, but more small cysts into a large cyst, And in the implementation of surgery at the same time, inevitably, but also damage the normal kidney tissue, the disease deteriorated.

What is the most effective means of using kidney cysts now? How to treat?

Dr.Leo

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Parents "abuse" medication or cause kidney disease rate soared

According to statistics, China has more than 200 million children with kidney disease. In recent years, the number of children with kidney disease increased, the number of children suffering from chronic renal failure increased by 13% per year, of which about 70% is caused by acquired factors. Pediatric experts said that drug-induced acute and chronic renal failure in children the incidence of higher than adults, accounting for the first acute renal failure. Parents "abuse" medication or cause kidney disease rate soared.
Factor: medication is the main reason
What causes children to increase the incidence of kidney disease? Experts believe that on the one hand because in recent years, parents pay more attention to the child's health, more children with kidney disease was diagnosed; the other hand, many parents in the child sick when the child taking a variety of drugs, or more drugs, some of them Ingredients stacked together too much, it is possible to damage the child's kidneys. In addition, some tonic and traditional Chinese medicine abuse, but also easily lead to children's drug-induced kidney disease.
Experts also said that the current packaging of some drugs on the instructions, there is no detailed provisions of the dose of children, only "discretionary use" or "according to the doctor to guide medication" and other fuzzy tips, or age range is too large (two or three years old children to ten A few years old can use), these are safe for children to plant a huge hidden danger.
Weapon: children medication to follow the three principles
Principle 1: Avoid the use of kidney damage drugs
Children with fever and other common diseases and more diseases, can not medication as much as possible without medication, it is necessary to take medicine, but also must be used under the guidance of a doctor, try to avoid the use of nephrotoxic antibiotics, especially suspected kidney dysfunction or kidney history , Should also choose no obvious toxicity to the kidneys of drugs.
Some experts cited a number of common drugs that may cause kidney damage, including penicillins (such as methicillin, ampicillin), cephalosporins (such as cephalosporin), aminoglycosides (such as neomycin, Methicillin, kanamycin), sulfonamides, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-tumor drugs. "Some of the older antibiotics are not in the big hospitals, but because of the cheap, many grassroots, township hospitals are still used, these drugs are easy to cause damage to the kidneys, especially children.
It is also worth mentioning antipyretic analgesics. Acetaminophen is currently the most widely used antipyretic analgesics, but children under 3 years of age should be used with caution. Many children in clinical use of cold pass (including diclofenac sodium) after the emergence of hematuria, so these children should not be used.
Principle two: do not "sick on a hurry to take medicine"
Children are sick, some parents often busy to let the children take medicine, and sometimes even under the guidance of a variety of drugs mixed with the doctor to eat.
General common diseases such as common cold, fever, there is a certain law, the whole course of 5 to 7 days is normal, during which the child may be repeated fever. Some parents always worry about fever will burn "bad" children, try every means to burn back, such as children fever does not exceed 38.5 ℃, let the children eat all kinds of antipyretics, or even ignore the drug description, let the children eat several times a day Antipyretics.
Experts said that the newborn fever, do not recommend the use of drugs fever, should be the main physical cooling; 1 to 3 months of the baby, depending on the condition required by the doctor's advice; 3 months or more infants and young children, the temperature exceeds 38.5oC Taking antipyretics.
Principle 3: try not to use three or more drugs at the same time
Some experts have encountered a more extreme example, the child a fever, the parents let him eat antibiotics, phlegm drugs, cough syrup, chlorpheniramine and other five drugs, the results eat the fifth day, the child appears Hematuria
In this regard, the experts pointed out that the drug is too complex, the role of each other may be offset, and toxic reactions are added, not only the effect is not good, there will be adverse reactions. Such as sulfa and vitamin C in combination, can increase kidney poisoning; penicillin and aspirin used, can reduce the antibacterial effect of penicillin. As for penicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfa drugs together, or cephalosporins and gentamicin, the same risk.

At the same time, medication should avoid the drug dose is too large, the treatment should be short, try not to use more than three kinds of drugs at the same time, continuous use of a drug for a few days still no effect, should be based on medical advice to replace the drug or treatment.

Online Doctor:Leo 

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Little kidneys are of great importance

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Kidney is one of the vital organs of the body, it is our small and powerful chemical plant, 24 hours a day to clean up the waste, keep our blood pressure. In fact, when the kidneys stop working, the body will stop working.
Kidney's five major functions
1
Remove body waste
Kidney every day to filter about 200L of blood, the equivalent of the whole body blood filtration more than 40 times, the final formation of 1000-2000ml of waste (urine), and excreted. This prevents waste from accumulating and remains healthy.
2
Regulate blood pressure
Healthy kidneys will produce a hormone that helps the vasoconstriction and regulate blood pressure. When the blood pressure is too low, the kidneys can increase the pressure; blood pressure is too high, but also can reduce the pressure.
3
Promote the production of red blood cells
The kidneys will also produce a hormone called erythropoietin, which will tell the bone marrow to make red blood cells. Red blood cells will carry oxygen from your lungs and provide the body with the energy it needs.
4
Production of active vitamin D for healthy bones
Two major sources of human vitamin D: human exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation synthesis, or from food, vitamin supplements. The kidneys will convert the vitamin D to the active form of the human body.
5
Adjust PH value
PH is a measure of acidity. Your kidneys maintain a healthy balance by adjusting the electrolyte to keep the pH of the acid and base. But when the cells break down, they produce acidic substances. Kidney can control the proportion of acidic and alkaline substances discharged, when any substance in the blood increased, the kidneys will increase the part of the discharge to maintain and adjust the acid-base balance.
Do not look at the kidneys are small, the responsibility is not small. If the above function is damaged, there will be chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the initial is no symptoms, we are not easy to find. (Such as hypertension, diabetes, high uric acid, people over the age of 60) every 6-12 months for a renal function test, easy to find the kidney in time damage.
If the kidney function continues to deteriorate, there will be high blood pressure, edema, dizziness, shortness of breath, bone and joint problems, burnout, foam urine and other issues.
In order to protect the renal function, on the one hand the need for a professional team of doctors Kexu treatment, but also the need for their own diet management, to ensure good habits and regular monitoring.

Nowadays, a lot of pollution, food additives, chronic diseases and so on constitute a huge threat to the kidneys, in the face of these threats, the kidneys need to bear more responsibility.

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High uric acid, life precautions

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
High uric acid, is a modern metabolic disease is very easy, and with many diseases are related.
High uric acid, is a modern metabolic disease is very easy, and with many diseases are related.
To ensure good uric acid levels, healthy lifestyles are very important. So, uric acid is high, what should pay attention to daily life? Take a look at hyperuricemia multidisciplinary expert consensus is how to say it!
01
Diet recommendations
Encourage consumption: eat more fruits and vegetables, low fat and skim milk products, eggs, high uric acid patients may be appropriate to eat soy products
Restricted consumption: meat can eat, but not eat
Avoid eating: sugary drinks, wine (rice wine, beer, white wine), animal offal
02
Drink more water
A large number of drinking water can shorten the duration of gout attacks, relieve symptoms.
No edema, oliguria, the daily drinking water should be greater than 2000ml, urine volume remained at 2000 ~ 3 000ml.
Drink milk and dairy products, especially recommended skim milk and low calorie yogurt, but avoid drinking cola, orange juice, apple juice and other sugary drinks.
Some studies have shown that drinking coffee does not increase the risk of high uric acid and may reduce the risk of developing gout.
03
do not drink
The more you drink, the more likely it is to gout.
Therefore, patients with high uric acid should avoid drinking, especially do not drink rice wine, beer and liquor. Wine is good or bad for patients with high uric acid, the current study is still controversial.
04
lose weight
Obese little partner by weight loss can significantly reduce uric acid levels.
The body mass index of patients with high uric acid was maintained at 18.5 ~ 23.9. The body mass index is taken by weight (kg) divided by height (m), divided by height (m) calculated values.
155cm of people, weight should not exceed 57.4 kg;
160cm of people, weight should not exceed 61 kg;
165cm of people, weight should not exceed 65 kg;
170cm of people, weight should not exceed 69 kg;
175cm of people, weight should not exceed 73 kg;
05
Stick to exercise
Adhere to regular exercise, the significance of high uric acid patients.
At least 150 minutes per week. 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week.
Recommended moderate intensity aerobic exercise, exercise heart rate can be achieved (220 - age) × (50% ~ 70%).
Be careful not to suddenly strenuous exercise, to avoid cold caused by gout.
06
Quit smoking
Smoking, or smoking secondhand smoke, increases the risk of high uric acid and the risk of gout.
Smokers want to quit smoking.

Non-smokers from someone else's second-hand smoke environment.

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Why chronic recurrent nephritis

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
From the treatment side, some patients did not receive formal and effective treatment, but the application of some of the kidneys have kidney toxicity drugs, not only spent a lot of money wasted and even increased kidney damage, resulting in renal dysfunction stage. Some patients simply use some symptomatic treatment of drugs such as hormones and immunosuppressive agents, then treatment may be effective but because it did not fundamentally treat chronic nephritis, did not repair damaged kidney cells, kidney damage continues to exist, After a period of time will relapse, in short, lead to repeated episodes of chronic nephritis is mainly due to treatment and treatment is not complete.
The current study found that renal disease is difficult because of the continuing effect of hypersensitivity, hypersensitivity occurs in the kidney organs because of a large number of immune complexes and similar to the immune complex of human body deposition in the kidney organs.
Immune complex is produced because of the body's immune deficiency and in vitro foreign body of the repeated attacks on the body, so to make chronic nephritis disease is not the most important thing is to block the immune complex production, repair the body's immune deficiency, regulation Immunity, immune tolerance and immune protection. Therefore, immunotherapy is one of the most effective treatment, it can fundamentally inhibit the recurrence of the disease.
In addition to the above treatment, the prevention is also an indispensable aspect of chronic nephritis patients to prevent infection, cold, control a good diet, to avoid fatigue, to avoid significant fluctuations in mood and the need for regular review, follow-up, with the doctor to control the disease it is good.

Although chronic nephritis has no special effects therapy, but in recent years due to its pathogenesis research has made great progress, the reason why the root cause of nephropathy is due to immune damage, immune complex in the kidney and blood in the continuous Deposition, leading to the surrounding renal tissue continue to produce inflammatory response, severe persistent hypersensitivity or even damage to renal function, for the degree of immune damage to patients, targeted immunization block, immune regulation, immune tolerance, immune protection And other treatment measures, combined with traditional Chinese and Western medicine to block renal fibrosis, treatment methods more than before, its prevention is also greatly improved.

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Out of the blind panic, a correct understanding of uremia

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
A reference to uremia, most of the patients with kidney disease are holding a very frightening attitude, I hope this article to help you little partners, uremia have a preliminary rational understanding.
A reference to uremia, most of the patients with kidney disease are holding a very frightening attitude, I hope this article to help you little partners, uremia have a preliminary rational understanding.
01
Uremia is not an incurable disease
Various conditions of kidney disease, the development of the late irreversible state, the kidney lost most of the function, can not continue to maintain normal physiological needs, that is, we said --- uremia.
Uremia is now not an incurable disease, the patient can choose the treatment is dialysis or kidney transplantation, through these treatments, can be extended for ten years, twenty years, or longer life.
Moreover, the state will be uremia into a serious medical insurance, the cost of the country out of the majority of individuals out of a small part of the uremic patients without money can also be done through the medical insurance dialysis.
The disease, in today's society, from all aspects, is not an incurable disease.

02
Nephropathy for the development of uremia is a minority
We have more than 100 million patients with chronic kidney disease in China, which is the first hospital of Peking University Department of Nephrology experts through large-scale survey of provinces and cities nationwide, the statistical data.
The reason why we around the kidney population seems to be relatively rare, because our public understanding of kidney disease, little known According to the statistics, more than 100 million people, about 87.5% of the kidney friends do not know that they are sick, this is a very low awareness of the disease.
The number of uremic patients in China is currently no more than 1 million, that is, the final development of nephropathy for uremic patients is a minority.
Not all patients with kidney disease will enter the uremia, many patients with kidney disease, may be accompanied by urine abnormalities, mild symptoms, but does not lead to uremia.
03
Part of the uremic patients, found when the disease has been uremia
Part of the patient is due to poor control of nephropathy, and eventually slow into uremia. However, according to a survey of the National Department of Nephrology, 1/4 of patients with kidney disease, the first treatment is already uremia.
For a family, the fight against uremia is huge, especially in some young uremic patients, it is difficult to accept such a fact.
Therefore, many people in the kidney failure, but also to seek a variety of "reverse" the condition of the disease, all the results are used to save money into the hands of a variety of unscrupulous liar.
Accept the established facts is not easy, but we want to live, better live, you can not ignore the treatment, blindly stubborn believe that hype "cure uremia" advertising, will only make themselves farther and farther, and even pay the cost of life.
04
Most patients with uremia dialysis, rather than kidney transplantation
After a person had uremia can have three treatment options: the first is hemodialysis, the second is peritoneal dialysis, the third is a kidney transplant.
Successful renal transplantation can help patients get rid of dialysis, although the need for life after the use of immunosuppressive drugs, regular to the hospital review, but the rest can be normal return to normal life, many transplant patients to return to work, continue to achieve self-worth.
At present, the living relatives of the donor kidney, the longest kidney survival time of 46 years, living non-blood relationship donor kidney 37 years, the body for 40 years. Cadaveric kidney cases, kidney survival rate of more than 10.9 years, living kidney transplant more than 17.9 years.
But because the kidney is too small, coupled with the high cost of transplantation, and may face transplant kidney again lost function, all the reasons for our country most of the uremic patients, choose dialysis to maintain life.
Dialysis can be peritoneal and hemodialysis, abdominal penetration can be carried out at home every day. And hemodialysis in the dialysis center, a week to 2 to 3 times. Dialysis patients with physical strength can also continue to work, not nothing can not do.
05
Out of the blind panic, a correct understanding of kidney disease, awareness of uremia!
Many friends in the treatment process, fear every day, fear, to bring their own and the surrounding people are very much the pressure.
In fact, through the above analysis we know that most of the kidney disease will not lead to uremia, even if part of the uremia, we still have a way.

In particular, we are in the era of rapid scientific development, the current pace of development of new technologies, the deepening understanding of the disease, the future of kidney disease targeted therapy, more convenient artificial kidney and other new medical technology are in research and development on the road.

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What is occult nephritis

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Some patients physical examination, found hematuria, or protein 1 +, 2 +, no symptoms, blood pressure, renal function, immune indicators and other tests are normal, listen to the doctor said it was occult nephritis, their loss is not serious or not serious , To see the hidden three words seems to be serious, see the words of nephritis, and it seems very serious. This occult nephritis, what is the classification? It and we said that the relationship between chronic nephritis? It does not matter Check out how to do with occult nephritis? Do not worry, let's take a look.
1, what is occult nephritis?
Speaking of occult nephritis, is a more embarrassing call.
Generally, patients with hematuria, or hematuria accompanied by a slight proteinuria (24 hours urine protein less than 1 g / day), no high blood pressure, no renal function and other abnormal problems, known as occult nephritis.
Usually accidentally check out, without any symptoms.
It is embarrassing to name it because it is not well classified, it contains a lot of kidney disease type. But because most patients with mild clinical manifestations, and did not carry out renal puncture, go to the specific disease is unclear.
Occult nephritis, refers only to nephritis in a relatively mild clinical manifestations, not a specific disease name.
2, the performance of simple hematuria
For only pure hematuria, the need to first determine the stone, cancer and other surgical hematuria caused by, or is caused by glomerular hematuria.
To determine the glomerular hematuria, the doctor will ask history, as well as some laboratory tests. Exclusion of immune disease, excluding hereditary nephropathy, no hypertension, no renal dysfunction, and no proteinuria, will consider the possibility of primary nephritis hematuria is relatively large. Then the doctor will choose to observe it, this part of the prognosis of patients is very good, and healthy people basically no difference.
This type of simple hematuria patients need to do is, 3-6 months for urine, renal function, blood pressure examination. If there is urinary protein blood pressure renal function of these problems, in time to seek the help of doctors.
Simple hematuria is generally no need for renal puncture, in addition to a small part of suspected lupus, small vasculitis, hereditary nephropathy may require kidney puncture.
3, the performance of hematuria with proteinuria
Persistent hematuria with proteinuria is usually more complicated than simple hematuria.
If there is no secondary kidney disease in these cases, the protein is less than 0.5g, with or without hematuria, you can continue to observe the changes in the disease.
If the amount of proteinuria is greater than 0.5g, the doctor may recommend renal biopsy, clear pathology after targeted treatment. Kidney puncture technology is now more mature, many large hospitals can do, basically will not have an impact on renal function.
According to clinical manifestations, and renal biopsy, the final comprehensive judgment of the next treatment.
In general, as long as there is persistent urine protein, regardless of the degree of urinary protein, then the condition should be more complex than the simple hematuria, severe. But this does not mean that there is no cure or poor prognosis, but on behalf of you need to attract enough attention.
4, occult nephritis also light weight
Therefore, in general, part of the occult nephritis is very mild, can not be treated, only need to observe regularly.

And some need to be more active treatment, such as renal puncture to determine the treatment program.

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The main cause of kidney damage in summer

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
In summer, people often eat seafood while drinking beer; and often stay up all night, eat salty, do not drink water, in fact, these small details of life is the most injured kidney, kidney easily damaged, so the summer kidney is essential.
Summer kidney easily damaged mainly for the following reasons:
First, the summer often caused by cold and acute nephritis
Summer heat, people find ways to find a variety of cool air way, the results of overkill and cold people down a lot of people, the increasing prevalence of air conditioning disease is a strong proof. Although air conditioning disease for the cold, tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and other respiratory diseases, but for those who have kidney disease, it can easily lead to acute attack or aggravate the condition.
Therefore, the summer heat to keep cool, the use of air conditioning should pay attention to control the temperature, not Tan Liang and small loss. And the hot weather in summer weather is low, people's resistance will decline, easily lead to streptococcal infection on the upper respiratory tract (that is, cold), and human streptococcal infection is an important factor leading to acute nephritis. For the elderly, acute nephritis if menacing may also develop into acute renal failure, and even life-threatening.
Second, increased diabetes caused by nephritis
Diabetes sufferers are prone to high blood sugar levels due to eating too much fruit in the summer. And diabetes in the summer sweating more, but also induced diabetic ketoacidosis or nonketotic deep coma, resulting in renal failure.
Third, swimming caused by nephritis
Summer is the golden season for people to carry out water activities, but the pool of people more "bacteria miscellaneous", bacteria are easy to enter people's urethra, causing infection, and finally lead to the occurrence of nephritis. Especially the female urethral special physiological structure, resulting in a great chance of retrograde infection.
Four, summer high temperatures
The body sweating more, this time if a lot of exercise, then easy to cause dehydration, leading to electrolyte imbalance and affect renal function.
Five, kidney ischemia
Usually we only know that cerebral ischemia, heart ischemia, but do not know the kidney will be ischemia. As the summer temperatures are higher, sweating more, blood vessels, blood volume is relatively inadequate, it is ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease season, and the kidney will cause renal blood flow insufficiency, ischemia. And renal ischemia generally no obvious symptoms, but there will be kidney cell necrosis, increased grade of renal fibrosis, decreased renal function and a series of adverse changes.
Six, summer eating habits cause kidney disease.
1, hot summer, people often eat seafood while eating beer, this way experts call it: "the most hurt kidney eat", seafood is high protein food, will produce too much uric acid, urea nitrogen and other metabolism Substances, increase the burden of kidney excretion. And a large number of drinking easily lead to high uric acid, these habits also cause high blood lipids and other metabolic diseases, causing kidney disease.
2, the summer diet should be light, pay attention to health people are aware of this, but the light diet is often the most likely to lead to food deterioration of the cooking method, coupled with the summer is a food prone to deterioration of the season, so eat bad stomach, diarrhea Of the patients abound.

Do not think that diarrhea is only a gastrointestinal disease, leading to infectious diarrhea pathogenic microorganisms, but also through a variety of channels infected with the kidneys, causing acute nephritis or cause the original kidney disease increased; or because of severe diarrhea, causing dehydration after electrolyte imbalance, induced acute Renal failure, which is a serious emergency.

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Why is uremia anemia, can cure

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Uremic patients will be a lot of systemic complications, such as nausea and vomiting, weight loss, headache, dizziness, dyspnea, anemia, bleeding tendency. Among them, anemia is particularly common. So, uremic patients why anemia phenomenon? Uremia anemia good governance?
Uremia caused by anemia called renal anemia, renal anemia can be summarized in the following specific reasons:
1. Kidney produces erythropoietin reduction;
2. The inhibition of uremic toxins in blood on erythroid hyperplasia of bone marrow;
3. Reduced erythrocyte life;
4. due to lack of long-term intake of hematopoietic raw materials such as protein, vitamins and iron deficiency;
5. bleeding: nose button, gum bleeding, skin and mucous membrane bleeding, black;
6. Hemodialysis patients in the course of hemodialysis blood loss and frequent blood tests.
Because the human body 90% -95% of the erythropoietin is produced by the kidney, so the secretion of red blood cells to reduce renal secretion is the main reason for renal anemia. The root causes of the patient's renal cortex can secrete hongolin fibroblasts and capillary endothelial cells by the destruction of renal fibrosis, or phenotype into myofibroblasts, or necrosis.
In fact, many uremic patients will have anemia phenomenon, but the most important thing is when the symptoms of anemia can take timely measures to treat, the only way to avoid anemia symptoms on the patient's body.
Uremia anemia is the root cause of kidney problems, only to solve the kidney problem, anemia will also improve, the current treatment of uremia has formed a set of advanced treatment theory, and advanced treatment equipment, through the "block , To absorb, repair, reconstruction, "to block the process of renal fibrosis, inhibition of further damage to the inflammatory response in the protection of patients with residual kidney units at the same time, to degrade the patient's extracellular matrix, the effective recovery of damage Of the kidney function, which effectively improve the treatment of uremic patients and the quality of life! Kidney's original metabolic function will be restored, anemia will be improved. This is the root of the policy!

In addition, the phenomenon of anemia in uremic patients in addition to the daily diet should pay attention to the principle, can increase iron and folic acid intake beneficial to improve renal anemia, if necessary, can be used erythropoietin.

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Why does chronic nephritis have hypoproteinemia

Author: Leo
Keywords: nephritis

Introduction
Chronic nephritis patients with hypoproteinemia, should be strictly concerned about the supply of protein in the diet to be appropriate. In ensuring the total daily calorie intake of patients (per kilogram of body weight 125.5 to 146.1 kJ, or 30 to 35 kcal) under the premise of attention to the amount and quality of dietary protein. Because the high protein diet will make renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate increased, so that glomerular capillaries in a state of high pressure, while a large number of protein intake also increased urinary protein, can accelerate the glomerular sclerosis.
Chronic nephritis patients can be seen in the symptoms of hypoproteinemia, straightforward is that in the late stage of chronic nephritis, due to a large number of patients in the body lost from the urine, into the body and liver synthesis of protein is not enough to compensate for its loss, will lead to blood Protein is reduced to form hypoproteinemia. The reason for the emergence of urinary protein is due to kidney filtration barrier damage, mainly damage the charge barrier leading to renal filtration dysfunction, causing protein leakage.
Because the loss of protein in urine is mainly albumin, it is mainly characterized by lower albumin, that is, low albuminemia, serum albumin levels below 30 grams per liter. But the two are not completely parallel, because the plasma albumin value is the result of albumin synthesis and catabolic balance.
Patients with chronic nephritis due to the loss of a large number of proteins lead to hypoproteinemia, while sustained protein leakage will increase the glomerular and renal tubular damage.
Hypoglycemia influencing factors
① renal tubular decomposition of albumin capacity increased. Normal liver synthesis of albumin 10% in the renal tubular metabolism, in chronic nephritis nephrotic syndrome, due to proximal tubule uptake and decomposition of filtration protein increased significantly, renal metabolism can be increased to 16% to 30%;
② severe edema, gastrointestinal absorption capacity decreased, chronic nephritis patients often negative nitrogen balance;
③ age, duration, chronic liver disease, malnutrition can affect plasma albumin levels;
④ intake of high protein protein in patients with chronic nephritis and nephrotic syndrome can lead to increased proteinuria, and plasma albumin did not increase or increase, but rarely, and in severe malnutrition, if the same time taking angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Reduce the glomerular hyperfiltration), the high protein diet can increase the plasma albumin concentration. If the limit of protein intake, the urine protein will be reduced, and plasma albumin levels have not changed or even though little.
Chronic nephritis patients with hypoproteinemia, should be strictly concerned about the supply of protein in the diet to be appropriate. In ensuring the total daily calorie intake of patients (per kilogram of body weight 125.5 to 146.1 kJ, or 30 to 35 kcal) under the premise of attention to the amount and quality of dietary protein. Because the high protein diet will make renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate increased, so that glomerular capillaries in a state of high pressure, while a large number of protein intake also increased urinary protein, can accelerate the glomerular sclerosis.

Currently advocates daily protein intake to 0.8 to 1.0 g / kg is appropriate. In addition, patients with hypoproteinemia due to the body of metal-binding proteins and endocrine binding protein with the loss of urine, resulting in the body iron, zinc, copper trace elements and vitamin D deficiency, which should also be treated by diet and drug supplement, which took 25 - hydroxyaprostyl alcohol treatment of active vitamin D deficiency and hypocalcemia is better. Patients with hypoproteinemia should control salt intake, so as to avoid excessive accumulation of sodium in the body, increased edema. Can be used water salt (daily salt content of not more than 2 to 3 grams) or salt-free diet.

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Hypertensive nephropathy why should pay attention to bed rest

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Not to say that patients with hypertension nephropathy should pay attention to bed rest, all hypertensive patients have to bed rest, because the high blood pressure if the activities will be further increased blood pressure, prone to a series of complications of hypertension.
The cause of hypertensive nephropathy is generally because of elevated blood pressure after renal vascular pressure increases, can make the protein leak, the protein once the leakage will cause damage to the kidney filter system, resulting in a vicious circle. Over time caused by the destruction of difficult to reverse, the kidney will compensate for increased, until the early failure.
Kidney disease patients themselves should pay attention to rest, avoid fatigue, if you do not pay attention to rest, then the blood pressure will be higher, the damage to the kidney is greater, in order to prevent the burden of kidney, to prevent the progress of promoting kidney disease, bed rest is to prevent blood pressure The need to raise again is also a necessary condition. Rest bad (including emotions), then, will increase the degree of hypertension, which will increase the damage to the kidneys. So that patients with hypertensive nephropathy only blood pressure control ideal, in order to better from the fundamental treatment of kidney disease, this treatment is the most ideal and most scientific.
Nephrotic patients with hypertension in general there are two cases, one kidney disease caused by high blood pressure (renal hypertension); Second, hypertension caused by kidney disease (hypertensive kidney damage). Hypertensive kidney damage should first control blood pressure, eliminate hypertension and continue to damage the kidneys, and then from the root to repair the damaged kidney inherent cell structure.
For treatment of renal disease with hypertension
① vasodilator: through the expansion of blood vessels, lower blood pressure, increase the blood supply capacity of the kidney, to prevent the damage of renal vascular endothelial cells, promote systemic blood circulation.
② anti-inflammatory: to reduce the inflammatory mediator of the kidneys continue to damage, blocking the progress of renal fibrosis, to protect the normal function of the kidney unit.
③ anticoagulation: to prevent thrombosis, to prevent thrombosis of renal capillary damage.

④ degradation: degradation of renal fibrosis, to prevent further progress in kidney disease, leading to the development of kidney disease to an irreversible stage and loss of function.

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Why should the polycystic kidney be given a high protein diet

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Protein is essential nutrients the body, especially the emergence of urinary protein polycystic kidney disease patients should pay attention to the intake of protein, but not that the more the better. If the protein intake is too high, it will increase the burden on the kidneys, promote glomerular sclerosis, increased kidney damage; if the intake is insufficient, it will affect the body's nutritional supply. Therefore, the patient should be based on renal function to determine protein intake: no significant renal damage, the protein intake control in the daily 50g or so; if there is serum creatinine, urea nitrogen and other abnormalities, protein intake should be reduced For daily 20 ~ 40g.
Polycystic kidney disease must control the intake of calories, the specific intake of how much calories should be determined according to the disease, generally to maintain the ideal weight as the standard. Because these patients tend to have lipid metabolism disorders, so reduce fat intake will not only help to control calories, but also improve metabolic disorders.
Why should the polycystic kidney be given a high protein diet?
In fact, do not necessarily have a high protein diet, depending on what the situation is the disease to what stage, see how much the protein to tell you the amount of protein intake. Intake of a lot of bad, less intake is not good, every day to balance the intake of some good Such as intake of more, more than the burden of kidney, resulting in renal glomerular sclerosis, and even necrosis; such as intake of less protein continue to leak, leading to hypoproteinemia, edema, easy to form thrombosis, The body immunity decreased, according to the body plasma albumin situation to develop protein intake.

If you check out the polycystic kidney disease, first of all to maintain an optimistic attitude, if not yet affected the normal life of the patient, usually need to pay attention not to eat less salty, spicy and other spicy food, rest time to regular, emotional Stable and optimistic; if the normal impact on the patient's life, usually pay attention to the above a few, but also for treatment, and the sooner the better, or let it develop to renal failure uremia, too late .

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How to control dry weight in hemodialysis patients

Author: Leo
Key words: hemodialysis

Introduction
One of the purposes of hemodialysis is to eliminate the excess water in the body, clinically dry weight as the standard, also known as "target weight", which is defined as the water under normal balance of weight, indicating that the patient has neither water retention, nor Dehydration of the weight, that is, hemodialysis at the end of hope to achieve weight.
Definition of dry weight: one of the purposes of hemodialysis is to eliminate the excess water in the body, clinically dry weight as the standard, also known as "target weight", which is defined as the water under normal balance of weight, indicating that patients have neither Water retention, and no weight when dehydrated, that is, hemodialysis at the end of hope to achieve weight.
First, the clinical significance of dry weight
1, dry weight is the medical staff to determine the amount of ultrafiltration, dialysis dialysis and determine the basis for dialysis time, so hemodialysis should remember their own dry weight and each time before the dialysis of the dry weight to the nursing.
2, the patient does not know dry weight, can not be a good control of water, severe cases can cause repeated heart failure, and even acute pulmonary edema death, the light will also bring difficulties to the treatment, many patients can not tolerate a lot of ultrafiltration, Low blood pressure, vomiting, muscle spasms, weakness after dialysis and so on.
3, dry weight changes: dialysis patients with dry weight and normal fat, thin, long-term intake of calories than the consumption of calories, dry weight will increase, otherwise it is reduced. After dialysis, the patient's mind, appetite improved, food intake increased, dry weight gradually increased. Dialysis should be amended to avoid excessive dehydration.
4, to the end of the renal failure of dialysis patients, the body water balance is not normal, most patients with fluid retention, dry weight can not be directly measured, can only be an estimated value, often need to go through several dialysis to be determined. Doctors should be determined as soon as possible dry weight, so that nurses in the treatment have been followed, should also be told to the weight of patients, so that patients can self-control the amount of water to obtain patient cooperation, to avoid the risk of retention and treatment of excessive ultrafiltration Causing side effects.
5, dry weight and blood pressure: about 80 to 90% of patients with dialysis kidney disease can be fully dialysis treatment, and adjust the dry weight and achieve good control. Overweight, high blood pressure control is not ideal is caused by cardiovascular disease in patients with cardiovascular complications, one of the main factors, such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, cerebrovascular accident.
Second, hemodialysis how to judge their own dry weight?
1, if the body weight after dialysis can be reduced to the ideal dry weight:
1) conscious and comfortable, no eyelids, facial and both lower extremities edema.
2) no activity after breathing difficulties, no night chest tightness and wake up.
3) blood pressure after hemodialysis is normal.
4) chest X-ray film: show little shadow, lung field clear, no chest water sign.
5) echocardiography shows normal heart size.
2, if dehydrated too much, the patient may appear fatigue, thirst, dizziness, muscle twitching, dry skin, hoarse voice, dry throat, tinnitus and deafness, orbital depression, orthostatic hypotension or even shock.
Third, in order to achieve the ideal dry weight, hemodialysis during dialysis should pay attention to the following aspects:
1, every day at fixed time, the same conditions, the same scale to measure the weight.
2, the two dialysis between the weight to not more than 2-3 kg for the principle.
3, to allow weight gain upper limit reference value: 2 times a week, allowing weight gain of 1 kg / day; 3 times a week, allowing weight gain 1.5 kg / day, but also because of different base weight and different.
4, control of water intake:
1) measure daily urine output;
2) daily water intake for daily urine output +500 ml of water;
3) do not eat too salty things, or easy to dry mouth has been trying to drink water;

4) usually eat porridge noodles containing water, should be strictly controlled.

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Renal insufficiency What should you pay attention to in your daily life

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Renal insufficiency in daily care should pay attention to what? What are the daily dietary taboos?
What should I pay attention to in daily care?
First of all should do is to enhance self-protection awareness, try to avoid the infection caused by the occurrence of various diseases, such as fatigue, cold, cold and so on. These are due to renal dysfunction in patients with low immunity, so patients should be appropriate for physical exercise, thereby enhancing the immune system.
Second, the patient's friends should be timely treatment of some induced renal insufficiency of primary diseases, such as upper respiratory tract infection, diabetes, high blood pressure and other diseases, in the medication must follow the doctor's advice at the same time should regularly check the urine, to prevent drugs on the kidney Cause damage.
For women with renal insufficiency should pay special attention, because pregnancy will increase the damage of renal function, it does not meet the fertility conditions of women of childbearing age should pay attention to contraception.
Finally, it is also one of the key care measures in terms of diet. Most of the patients with kidney disease diet should be light-based, to avoid greasy, spicy stimulation, cold food; and to do three meals a day regular, not overeating.
What are the daily dietary taboos?
This is what the patient wants to know, and these diets have a direct effect on the health of our bodies. With the gradual growth of age, our renal arterial arteries appear transparent and gradually become hardened, the incidence of nephropathy is increasing.
(Kelp, seaweed, mushrooms, potatoes, lotus seeds, etc.), high potassium food (kelp, seaweed, mushrooms, potatoes, lotus seeds, etc.), if the patient has a small amount of edema, need to limit the intake of salt and potassium, Melon seeds, lean beef, etc.)
2. should be in their usual diet should not eat spicy spicy food, such as pepper, pepper, coffee, wine, cocoa and so on.
3. There are patients with renal insufficiency in the food to eat, to limit the cock, goose, pig meat, sea fishy and other hair use.
Dietary guidance:
(1) low protein, high sugar content of patients with renal insufficiency is a certain benefit, should eat low protein, high sugar food, the choice of high bioavailability of protein, such as milk, eggs, lean meat, fish , Chicken and so on. High sugar content of food: such as honey, glucose, sweet fruit juice and so on.
(2) eat more fruits and vegetables, add our body in the lack of vitamins, should eat fresh vegetables, fruit. Add vitamins and folic acid.

(3) in the usual diet to put some vegetable oil, because renal insufficiency patients should use vegetable oil, but not fat intake.

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How much water do you need to drink every day? The nephrologist told you

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
You may have heard that drinking 8 glasses of water a day is good for health, not only to lose weight but also conducive to skin whitening. In fact, there is no medical guide on how much water you should drink every day. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), healthy people should drink enough liquid when thirsty and need to drink water when eating. If you sweat in hot weather or exercise, you need more moisture. Drinking water and other fluids are important for kidney health and may reduce the risk of kidney disease.
An Australian study found that subjects who consumed the most amount per day - up to 13 cups of water had significantly reduced the risk of kidney disease. In addition, Johns Hopkins University study found that by reducing abdominal fat and limit the intake of mineral phosphorus to reduce the risk of kidney disease. Researchers said that although phosphorus is important for bone health, but too much phosphorus is not conducive to kidney health. Animals, dairy products and plant proteins contain natural organic phosphorus, and the inorganic phosphorus levels in processed foods are particularly high and are commonly used as additives and preservatives.
Another study compared the weight loss of urine before and after weight loss, and found that when the body's abdominal fat content decreased, the intake of less phosphorus-containing food, the urine of the protein decreased.

So for kidney health, please drink enough water every day. In addition, low-phosphorus diet is a healthy diet, you can read the nutritional content of food packaging table to check the phosphorus content, try to avoid processing of food.

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Why the kidneys of parathyroid hormone will be high it

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
I believe that small partners have heard the thyroid, but today we have to say is not the thyroid, but with the thyroid has a word, with the health of the kidneys are closely related to the parathyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone may not understand what is meant We are here today to discuss this issue.
1, parathyroid hormone, what does that mean?
Not all kidney friends should check this indicator. But to the chronic kidney disease 3, that is, after renal insufficiency, you need to start monitoring the project.
To figure out the increase in the index, we have to figure out what it is doing.
Calcium and phosphorus
Parathyroid hormone secreted by parathyroidism, mainly used to maintain the balance of our body!
Blood phosphorus to become high, and blood calcium to reduce!
When the renal insufficiency, calcium and phosphorus will begin to appear signs of disorder.
See this chaotic scene, in charge of calcium and phosphorus balance of the parathyroid first sit still. Began to work overtime secretion of parathyroid hormone, so that the chaos of calcium and phosphorus back on track! This time, patients check the parathyroid gland this indicator can be elevated!
In the early days, although parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased a little, but it is useful for overtime, calcium, phosphorus basic listen to it, can be maintained at the normal level, the overall security.
However, this parathyroidism overtime secretion of parathyroid hormone, a great price! At the beginning of the parathyroid gland is also normal, a long time, more and more morbid parathyroidism, began to proliferate.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism.
These conditions, that is, doctors often say
On the other hand, calcium and phosphorus do not listen to morbid thyroid hormone, more and more uncontrolled, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia.
Patients not only increased parathyroid (PTH), calcium, phosphorus are not normal, the whole becomes chaotic.
The result of chaos is:
Renal bone disease
Calcium phosphate itself is deposited in the bones, and because of their three confusion, dragging each other behind the legs, kidney disease patients began to have problems. Patients with bone pain, skeletal deformity, easy to fracture, height retreat, height can be reduced from 1.7 meters to 1.5 meters, that is, we said.
And calcium and phosphorus is not honestly in the bones, deposited to other places should not be deposited, will lead to other parts of calcification, loss of function. Deposition to the blood vessels, vascular calcification; deposition to the skin, skin painful nodules, ulcers; deposition to the heart, causing myocardial calcification, valvular calcification.
And this process is not a serious injury in the kidney after all of a sudden, but slowly, little by little, erosion of the health of patients with kidney disease.
2, renal dysfunction should pay attention to the level of PTH, calcium and phosphorus
It is because of renal insufficiency after the occurrence of such a problem, if the time is prolonged, will seriously damage the health of patients, we must guard against it.
When do you start to focus on these indicators?
1) renal function 3: calcium and phosphorus every 6-12 months to check once, PTH can be based on the level of normal and renal function of the decision.
2) renal function 4: calcium and phosphorus every 3-6 months to check once, PTH every 6-12 months to check once.
3) renal function and dialysis: blood calcium and phosphorus every 1-3 months to check once, PTH every 3-6 months to check once.
In other words, if the renal function of the kidney has been to 3 and later, then check the test indicators, you have to focus on the parathyroid (PTH), blood calcium, blood phosphorus these.
3, if abnormal, what countermeasures?
1, appropriate low-phosphorus diet. Food additives in the high and high phosphorus, and very easy to absorb, then the food containing more additives to eat as much as possible, such as beverages, processed meat products, quick-frozen food, fast food, frozen baking goods.
2, the doctor may be based on the condition, the use of some drugs, such as active vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus binding agent.

3, if these traditional methods have no effect, there are still serious hyperparathyroidism, there may be parathyroid surgery resection.

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Urine normal proteinuria and occult blood plus enough accurate

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Many of our friends are used to describe the severity of proteinuria and hematuria with the addition and subtraction to describe, for example, my proteinuria 3 + is not very serious? My occult blood 3 +, is not it very serious? In fact, ask, the doctor is difficult to answer. Than the addition and subtraction, nephrologist doctors pay more attention to what is it? This one of the doorway, explain to you!
Urinary protein plus or minus can not accurately reflect the severity of proteinuria?
Urine routine examination, urine protein can be displayed as: - (negative), ± (trace), 1 +, 2 +, 3 +, 4 +.
We usually take it for granted that the more signs, the more severe the degree of proteinuria, but the actual situation is not the case.
This is because the urine of the protein in the addition and subtraction, can only reflect the urine of the urine of the urine of the prescription concentration, and this concentration will be affected by the amount of water, urine volume.
Make a simple example: a person in the drink more, how did not sweat, urine a lot of time, then the proteinuria concentration is low, check out the plus sign will be less. And when he drink less, sweating and more, less urine when the concentration is high, check out the plus sign will be more.
This is why we will see such a mismatch in the clinical phenomenon: Some people check urine routine, although the urine protein 1 +, but the actual than the urine protein 2 + serious, check out the protein than others plus the number of people More!
Therefore, the doctors of renal medicine will require patients to check the 24-hour urine protein quantitative check, the purpose is to see the whole day of urinary protein excretion, this value is the overall response to the severity of urine protein.
24 hours of proteinuria can generally be roughly divided into: mild, moderate, severe proteinuria.
Mild proteinuria: less than 1g / 24 hours
Moderate proteinuria: 1g ~ 3.5g / 24 hours
Severe proteinuria: greater than 3.5g / 24 hours
Let's talk about occult blood!
Occult blood does not see the addition and subtraction, see red blood cells

Occult blood (occult blood) to see the addition and subtraction is not accurate, when you ask the doctor occult blood a few plus time, the kidney physician will "dislike" such inaccurate argument, because many people's occult blood is false positive. For example, if the test before taking iron medications, animal blood, liver, lean meat, a lot of green vegetables, etc., are likely to cause this positive results.
In other words, the occult blood plus a sign does not mean that there is hematuria
What about the doctor?

Look at the number of red blood cells microscopic examination, microscopic examination of red blood cells greater than 3 / HP can be called hematuria.

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Protect the kidneys

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Kidney is an important organ of the human body, its basic function is to generate urine, excretion of metabolites and harmful substances, regulating blood pressure and so on. Therefore, in the daily life of kidney care kidney is very important.
Kidney is an important organ of the human body, its basic function is to generate urine, excretion of metabolites and harmful substances, regulating blood pressure and so on. Therefore, in the daily life of kidney care kidney is very important.
First, adjust the diet
Drink plenty of water, add vitamin B6, reduce walnut, spinach, chocolate and other food intake, can effectively reduce the urine calcium oxalate production, reduce the possibility of kidney stones; eat fungus, mushrooms and other black food, you can Effectively promote the metabolism of the kidney function, reduce the accumulation of water in the kidneys; diet light, eat more foods rich in vegetable protein such as some beans, but also help protect the kidneys.
Second, sports health care
Walking, jogging, doing aerobics, playing tai chi and other sports, as long as perseverance, will be able to achieve the purpose of healthy kidneys; old, shortness of breath, the infirm through the strong kidney exercises and the appropriate massage of the waist and soles of the feet, Can also achieve kidney, Gujing, strong waist and knee, through the meridian purposes.
Third, observe the urination
Such as nocturnal enuresis may be early symptoms of renal insufficiency, avoid holding back urine, if there is obstruction of the urethra, urine is not smooth, will increase the burden on the kidneys, treatment is not timely may lead to nephritis.
Fourth, disease prevention kidney
Prevention of common diseases that may cause kidney disease: upper respiratory tract infections, hypertension, diabetes, obesity. Upper respiratory tract infection, especially pharyngeal inflammation, is often the main cause of nephropathy, should be early prevention; high blood pressure to long-term renal hypertension and hardening, damage to kidney function; obesity will increase the burden on the kidneys, resulting in renal damage; , 30% of patients with diabetes will develop into uremia.
Fifth, control medication

Medication to look at the instructions before, most of the drugs are marked with the amount and whether there is nephrotoxicity or contraindications, including all kinds of painkillers and gentamicin, kanamycin, sulfonamides and other antibiotics are harmful to the kidneys , Especially the elderly, renal dysfunction are more vulnerable to drug damage.

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Prevention of kidney stones, should pay attention to a few points
Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
In today's society, the incidence of kidney stones remains high, public information shows that every 20 Chinese people, there is a possible suffering from kidney stones. So how can we find early kidney stones? In life, how should we prevent the occurrence of kidney stones?
Self-test: Do you have kidney stones?
If the body has the following symptoms, may prompt kidney stones:
Body side or lower abdomen pain
Hematuria (urine is pink or red)
Nausea or vomiting
Dysuria
Urine urgency
In life, how to prevent kidney stones?
1, to ensure adequate drinking water
Especially in summer and at night, must be stressed before going to bed drinking water, and drinking water again in the middle of the night. It is best to drink less mineralized mineral water to ensure that the daily drinking water more than 2500ml to dilute the urine, reduce the crystal precipitation, rinse the urinary tract and discharge small stones.
2, reasonable calcium
Especially dietary calcium calcium stones in patients often "talk about calcium color change", mistakenly believe that the culprit is the calcium of calcium, it is not true, kidney stones patients also need calcium.
Specific calcium recommendations, we must consult a professional physician Oh!
3, limited intake of carbohydrates
The latest study by scientists in the United States shows that the intake of high-sugar foods, the increase in the body can increase the chance of suffering from kidney stones, so pay attention to eat less sweets.
4, eat less high content of oxalate foods
High herbicides are tomatoes, spinach, strawberries, beets, chocolate, etc., too high oxalate intake is also one of the main causes of kidney stones.
5, eat less soy products
Soybean food contains oxalates and phosphates are high, with the kidneys in the calcium fusion, the formation of stones.
6, before going to bed drink milk
Do not sleep well, drink a cup of milk before going to bed to help sleep. But after sleep, urine volume decreased, concentrated, urine in a variety of tangible substances increased. And drink milk after 2 to 3 hours, it is calcium through the kidney excretion of the peak. Calcium through the kidney in a short period of time suddenly increased, easy to form stones. So kidney stones patients, before going to bed should not drink calcium high milk.
7, do not take excessive cod liver oil

Cod liver oil is rich in vitamin D, promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus on the function of the intestinal membrane, a sudden increase in the excretion of calcium and phosphorus in the urine, is bound to produce precipitation, easy to form stones.

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Which patients should not do kidney puncture

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Kidney puncture is a clear diagnosis of renal disease, to guide the treatment, to determine the prognosis of the most valuable means of inspection.
Renal biopsy
The clinical manifestations of various kidney disease is nothing more than edema, proteinuria, hematuria, etc., but can not be clear what kind of kidney disease, or systemic diseases involving the kidneys. The severity of kidney disease and proteinuria, hematuria and other manifestations of the severity is not parallel to the subjective symptoms of patients with kidney disease is often very unreliable. Therefore, through renal biopsy diagnosis of pathological examination in order to accurately determine the type of disease, nature and extent.
Second, through renal biopsy pathological examination, the disease may be the outcome of the outcome and the development of a more accurate prediction. The diagnosis of renal biopsy can provide an important basis for the clinical development of treatment programs and correction of treatment regimens. According to the different pathological types to decide, with clinical symptoms and physician experience will be a great error.
Therefore, renal biopsy is a clear diagnosis of renal disease, to guide the treatment, to determine the prognosis of the most valuable means of inspection.
What is the risk of kidney puncture?
Many people are worried that kidney puncture is harmful, so afraid or refused to do kidney puncture. In fact, this fear of renal puncture is not entirely unreasonable. However, because of fear of kidney puncture and refused to do this check on some extreme. Doctors are in the full control of the patient's condition, according to indications and contraindications to determine whether patients with renal biopsy.
Although the renal puncture surgery has a certain risk, but if you can strictly control the indications and methods of operation, the incidence of complications is low. Common complications are:
Hematuria: hematuria for renal biopsy the most common complications, puncture after about 80 ~ 90% microscopic hematuria, the incidence of gross hematuria due to puncture needle damage varies, accounting for about 5-50%. General hematuria in 1 to 5 days to disappear, without treatment, no effect on the patient's kidneys.
Low back pain: renal puncture, the majority of patients with ipsilateral low back pain or discomfort, about 3-5 days to disappear, a small number of patients can last a long time.
Infection: infection after puncture, mostly because of the aseptic concept, or the original kidney infection caused by the spread of bacteria after puncture. Thus in the renal puncture, it should be strictly disinfected, the correct grasp of the operation method, the rational use of anti-vaccine to prevent infection.
Hypotension: blood pressure continued low after puncture, mostly due to bleeding or nephrotic syndrome in patients with insufficient blood volume caused.
Oliguria or anuria: oliguria often have low blood pressure, corrected blood pressure after urine output increased, and some cases due to clot obstruction, visible renal colic, blood clots discharged, the symptoms can be lifted.
Tissue injury: the general renal puncture on the renal tissue injury slightly, but because of the puncture point positioning Diao; accurate, but also mistakenly penetrate the liver, spleen, gallbladder or bowel, and cause complications.
Renal hematoma: due to kidney blood supply rich, renal pressure and low, so easy to puncture blood bleeding, the formation of asymptomatic small hematoma, the incidence of about 0.5-1.5%, 3 months after the disappearance The
In the human body two kidneys, about 100 million nephrons, and kidney puncture only take 15 to 30 nephrons, is insignificant, and test blood is the same reason. In addition, the kidney has a good reserve capacity and repair capacity, puncture needle can quickly hemostasis repair.
Kidney biopsy used puncture equipment and puncture technology has been improved, and now all aspects have been quite mature. The most commonly used method is in the real-time under the guidance of color Doppler ultrasound automatic biopsy marksmanship, puncture the doctor can see the blood vessels on the screen area of ​​the kidney, the button board machine can be completed, puncture quickly, safe and reliable, high success rate.
Which patients should not be used for renal puncture
Clinically, the following diseases can be classified as not suitable for renal puncture areas:
Chronic renal failure in patients with renal biopsy when the greater risk, easy bleeding, is now considered a contraindication to puncture.
Contralateral renal dysfunction, in order to prevent complications, renal function loss leading to renal failure, should avoid contralateral renal puncture.
Isolated kidney and renal aneurysm, in order to prevent bleeding, not for renal biopsy.
Renal tumors, renal cysts, hydronephrosis, renal abscess, renal infectious lesions, in order to prevent tumor spread, inflammation, so there is no need for puncture.

Malignant hypertension, anemia, patients with significant bleeding tendency, mental disorders and systemic failure, should not be kidney puncture.

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Is kidney cyst and polycystic kidney

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Many people think that polycystic kidney and kidney cyst is one thing. In fact, polycystic kidney is a kind of renal cysts, common renal cysts also contain simple renal cysts and acquired renal cysts. In terms of range, kidney cysts cover a lot. But the two are still different in varying degrees.
Renal cysts and polycystic kidney disease
Let us know from the various aspects of the similarities between the two similarities:
Renal cysts, is the kidneys appear outside the cystic lesions are not connected to the general term, that is, kidney cystic disease. In the end is congenital or acquired, is not clear. May be similar to polycystic kidney disease, but the degree of different. The cause of the following: 1, congenital dysplasia 2, all kinds of infections, 3, toxins, 4, non-hereditary gene mutation, 5, diet, 6, work and fall, 7, emotional factors, 8, pregnancy
The polycystic kidney of the predisposing factors include only the first three. There are two types of autosomal recessive genotype (infant type) polycystic kidney disease, the clinical rare; autosomal dominant genotype (adult type) polycystic kidney disease, often associated with middle-aged youth.
Both clinical manifestations are also very similar:
(1) have waist discomfort or pain
(2) are expressed as microscopic hematuria or gross hematuria;
(3) There are lumps in the abdomen
(4) are accompanied by high blood pressure
Renal cysts may sometimes be associated with proteinuria, and polycystic kidney disease with some patients with renal colic performance and frequent urination, urgency and other discomfort.
The difference between the two:
First, the etiology and pathogenesis: polycystic kidney disease is an autosomal genetic disease, multiple renal cysts can be congenital (embryonic formation), but trauma, inflammation, cancer and other causes.
Second, the family history: polycystic kidney family members have similar patients, multiple patients with renal cysts often no similar patients in the family.
Third, the capsule contents: polycystic kidney is the urine, multiple renal cysts are body fluids (like plasma) which contains red blood cells and so on.
Fourth, complications and hazards: polycystic kidney disease can occur hematuria, high blood pressure, edema, renal insufficiency, uremia, multiple renal cysts generally do not appear high blood pressure, renal insufficiency and so on.
5, polycystic kidney disease can control the development of capsule to eliminate symptoms, multiple renal cysts control or narrow the capsule, the smaller can be eliminated.

Above no matter the kind of disease, should go to the hospital as soon as possible, a variety of kidney disease due to different causes of disease, different course, treatment is not the same. At the same time to control high blood pressure, you can take some antihypertensive drugs. Life should pay attention to changes in temperature at any time to reduce clothes, prevent colds and a variety of infections. Diet on the intake of high-fiber, high-dimensional food, such as whole grains, fresh vegetables, lean meat, eggs, milk, fish and so on. At the same time to avoid alcohol and tobacco, eat less spicy, fried food, and to exercise properly to increase their immunity, but also pay attention to work and rest.

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Hypokalemia nephropathy

Author: Leo
Key words: nephropathy

Introduction
Hypokalemia nephropathy is caused by chronic hypokalemia caused by potassium deficiency kidney disease. Various causes of urinary potassium excretion is the most important cause of hypokalemia, collectively referred to as renal hypokalemia. In addition to the performance of patients with hypokalemia, often accompanied by metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Hypokalemia with metabolic acidosis when most of the normal blood pressure, metabolic alkalosis associated with hypokalemia patients are mostly high blood pressure.
Hypokalemia nephropathy
Hypokalemia nephropathy is caused by chronic hypokalemia caused by potassium deficiency kidney disease. Various causes of urinary potassium excretion is the most important cause of hypokalemia, collectively referred to as renal hypokalemia. In addition to the performance of patients with hypokalemia, often accompanied by metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Hypokalemia with metabolic acidosis when most of the normal blood pressure, metabolic alkalosis associated with hypokalemia patients are mostly high blood pressure.
The causes of hypokalemia are: lack of potassium intake; loss of too much (loss of digestive tract and loss of urine); a variety of diuretics and steroid application; chronic kidney disease, such as renal tubular acidosis, Bartter synthesis Levy, Liddle syndrome, renin-secreting tumor, Cushing's syndrome and hydroxylase deficiency disease. Non-renal hypokalemia potassium excretion did not increase, due to various causes of cell potassium increased, but also one of the common causes of hypokalemia.
The performance of hypokalemia nephropathy is mainly renal tubular dysfunction, mainly to reduce the concentration of the main, manifested as polydipsia, polydipsia, polyuria, nocturia increased, and even renal diabetes insipidus, the vasopressin reaction is not Good; urine associated with a small amount of proteinuria and tube; potassium loss can cause metabolic alkalosis; renal interstitial damage, due to renal tubular acidosis dysfunction and metabolic acidosis. The disease is complicated by pyelonephritis, the clinical manifestations of urinary tract infection; with the progress of the disease gradually appear chronic renal insufficiency. In addition to kidney disease symptoms, the patient's overall performance mainly hypokalemia symptoms, such as limb muscle weakness, intestinal paralysis, soft paralysis, tendon reflexes, arrhythmia and so on.

1. Urine examination
Visible urine protein and tube type, concurrent infection see more white blood cells. Urine dilution test showed decreased concentration of urine, decreased urine specific gravity (phenol red and reduced excretion rate of aminaruturic acid), increased urinary prostaglandin E.
2. Blood test
Early serum creatinine and urea nitrogen can be normal; with the progress of the disease renal failure, serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels increased. Characteristics of changes in serum potassium decreased, often accompanied by hypochloremia. Blood gas analysis prompted more metabolic alkalosis.
3. renal biopsy and imaging examination

The characteristic structural changes associated with potassium loss were vacuolar degeneration, renal interstitial inflammation and fibrosis and tubular cystic lesions in the epithelium of the tubules.

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